Forensic Biomechanics, Second Edition with DVD

Authors: Patrick Hannon, Mark Cornwall, Kerry Knapp; Contributors:  Scott Anderson, David Bosch, Michael Iliescu, Robert Perry ISBN 10: 978-1-936360-75-8 ISBN 13: 1-936360-75-6 Copyright Date Ed: Jan. 1, 2020 Pages: 416 pages Binding Information: Hardcover plus DVD Size: 8.25 ✕ 11 Inches (US) This new reference explains the role of biomechanics, the study of the mechanics of the living body, and the forces acted upon it, in accident and injury cases. This book gives you an in-depth look at the area of human injury biomechanics. It also discusses the role of the biomechanist and when and how he or she can help with your investigation. The authors discuss biomechanical causation versus medical causation, the basic principles of biomechanics, approaches to the use of biomechanics in investigation, and application of biomechanical principles to impact injuries. They also provide detailed information on the biomechanics of the human body including bone tissue, articular cartilage, soft tissue, blood and fluids, spinal cord and nerve tissue, joints, and extremities. This book contains over 300 diagrams and images plus a DVD of cadaver photos illustrating the principles discussed. This book is invaluable if you are working on an accident or injury case, and need to understand the principles of the biomechanics behind the injury. Topics Include: Overview of Biomechanics of Injury Basic Principles of Biomechanics Impacts Bone Tissue Soft Tissue and Bodily Fluids Articular Cartilage The Spinal Cord and Nerves The Head, Face, and Brain The Torso and Thorax The Cervical and Lumbar Spine Joints Extremities Table of Contents Foreword Preface Chapter 1: Introduction Kerry Knap 1.1  What Is Biomechanics and Injury Biomechanics 1.2  Who Are Biomechanists? What Is Their Role?     A. Biomechanics: A scientific discipline     B. Biomechanical causation versus medical causation 1.3  How to Work with a Biomechanist: A Low Impact Example 1.4  When Can a Biomechanist Help? 1.5  Some Non-Automotive Examples Chapter 2: The Analytical Approach Kerry Knapp 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Statement of Problem 2.3 Mental Models and Situation Awareness 2.4 The General Decision Tree Mode     A. Application 1: The low-speed motor vehicle accident     B. Application 2: Gunshot death 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Basic Principles of Biomechanics Patrick Hannon 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Linear and Angular Movement     A. The anatomical position: Planes, axes, and movements     B. Vectors and scalars 3.3 Kinematics     A. Time     B. Position     C. Displacement     D. Linear and angular velocity     E. Linear and angular acceleration     F. Kinematic case examples 3.4 Kinetics     A. Characteristics of forces, moments, and torques     B. Classical mechanics     C. Special application of forces 3.5 Work and Energy 3.6 General Material Mechanics     A. Rigid body mechanics versus deformable solids     B. Material properties of biological materials 3.7 Functional Anatomy—Machines of the Body and Implication for     Mechanisms of Injury 3.8 Summary References Recommended Reading Chapter 4: The Application of Biomechanical Principles to Impacts Patrick Hannon 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Falls     A. The impulse equation approach     B. The energy equation approach 4.3 Vehicle Impacts     A. Automobile impacts     B. Watercraft impacts     C. Aircraft impacts     D. Bicycle and motorcycle impacts 4.4 Pedestrian Impacts     A. Fender vault trajectory     B. Roof vault trajectory     C. Wrap trajectory     D. Forward projection trajectory     E. Somersault trajectory 4.5 Seat Belt Restraint Use in Vehicles 4.6 Air Bags and Air Curtains     A. Front air bags     B. Side air bags 4.7 Gunshot Wounds—Ballistics Impact/Penetration Trauma     A. Internal ballistics     B. Missile mass and speed (external ballistics)     C. Wound (terminal) ballistics 4.8 Explosions/Blasts     A. Physics of explosions     B. The blast wave     C. High temperature effects and quaternary blast injuries References Chapter 5: Biomechanics of Bone Tissue Patrick Hannon 5.1 Bone Growth and Development 5.2 Function of Bones 5.3 Biological Properties of Bones 5.4 Material Properties of Compact and Cancellous Bone 5.5 Bone Anisotropy 5.6 Ductile and Brittle Properties of Bone 5.7 Bone Stiffness 5.8 Bone Viscoelasticity 5.9 Bone Fracture-Failure Behavior in Response to Loading 5.10 Direct and Indirect Loading 5.11 Combined Loading 5.12 Bone Geometry Affects Fracture Failure 5.13 Failure at the Epiphyseal Growth Plate 5.14 Other Fractures 5.15 Stress Risers and Open Section Defects 5.16 Bone Unloading 5.17 Chronic Loading Bone Failure 5.18 Degenerative Changes in Bone Caused by Aging 5.19 Fracture Fixation and Healing: Biomechanical Considerations References Chapter 6: Biomechanics of Articular Cartilage Patrick Hannon 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Elastic Cartilage 6.3 Articular Cartilage     A. Overview of the structure of articular cartilage     B. Articular cartilage components and material properties 6.4 Lubrication of Articular Cartilage Surfaces 6.5 Effect of Loads and Stresses 6.6 Deformable Bearings and Stress Relaxation 6.7 Biomechanical Factors Involved in Articular Cartilage Degeneration References Chapter 7: Soft Tissue Biomechanics: Tendons, Ligaments, Muscle and Skin; Blood Fluid Dynamics Patrick Hannon 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Tendon and Ligament Development, Structure, and Physiology     A. Tendon and ligament tissue healing     B. Material properties of ligaments and tendons 7.3 Skeletal Muscle Development, Structure and Physiology     A. Muscle tissue healing     B. Material properties of skeletal muscle tissue 7.4 Skin Development, Structure, and Physiology     A. Skin tissue healing     B. Material properties of skin tissue 7.5 Vasculature and Blood     A. Vasculature structure and material properties     B. Blood fluid dynamics     C. Blood spatter analysis 7.6 Anisotropic and Viscoelastic Behavior     A. Anisotropic behavior     B. Viscoelastic behavior References Chapter 8: Biomechanics of Spinal Cord, Nerve Roots, and Peripheral Nerve Patrick Hannon 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots 8.3 Anatomy of Peripheral Nerve 8.4 Microanatomy and Physiology of Neuron Axons. 122 8.5 Spinal Cord Loading     A. Penetration     B. Compression     C. Shear 8.6 Specific Spinal Cord Injuries     A. Anterior cord syndrome     B. Central cord syndrome 8.7 Nerve Root Loading—Tension, Compression, and Shear 8.8 Peripheral Nerve Loading     A. Tension     B. Compression 8.9 Peripheral Nerve Injury     A. Categories of peripheral nerve injury     B. Multiple levels of peripheral nerve compression References Additional Reading Chapter 9: Head, Face, and Brain Patrick Hannon 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Structural Anatomy of the Head     A. Scalp anatomy     B. Face and skull anatomy     C. Brain anatomy 9.3 Loading to Head, Face, and Brain     A. Scalp loading     B. Loading of the face and skull     C. Energy absorption during facial fracture     D. Classification of facial fractures     E. Other facial injuries     F. Skull and facial bone loading and brain injury     G. Infant skull and brain injury     H. Brain loading and traumatic brain injury 9.4 Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)     A. Penetration     B. Linear head acceleration: coup and contrecoup contusions     C. Angular head acceleration 9.5 Mild brain injury 9.6 Closing Comments—Brain Injury 9.7 Protection of the Skull, Face, and Brain Using the Appropriate Helmet     A. Helmet protection—general comments     B. Bicycle helmet protection 9.8 Air Bag Protection in Automobiles References Recommended Reading Chapter 10: Torso and Thorax Patrick Hannon and Michael Iliescu 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Classifying Injury Severity 10.3 Thorax 10.4 Thoracic Anatomy and Mechanisms of Injury     A. Ribs and sternum     B. Heart     C. Thoracic aorta     D. Thoracic vena cava (inferior and superior)     E. Trachea, bronchi, and lungs     F. Diaphragm 10.5 Iatrogenic (medically induced) injuries of the torso organs 10.6 Biomechanics and Injury Tolerance of the Thorax 10.7 Restraint Systems and Experimental Modeling 10.8 Abdomen 10.9 Abdominal Anatomy and Mechanisms of Injury     A. Liver     B. Spleen     C. Kidneys     D. Adrenal glands     E. Pancreas     F. Stomach     G. Small intestine     H. Large intestine     I. Abdominal wall     J. Gall bladder     K. Urinary bladder     L. Female reproductive organs     M. Major abdominal vessels 10.10 Biomechanics and Injury Tolerance of the Abdomen 10.11 Biomechanics and Injury Tolerance of the Male Reproductive System     A. Accident trauma loading     B. Loading to the perineum from bicycling activity References Recommended Reading Introduction to Musculoskeletal, Structural, and Functional Anatomy Chapter 11: Biomechanics of the Cervical Spine Patrick Hannon 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Structural and Functional Anatomy of the Cervical Spine     A. Bony elements     B. Intervertebral Joints     C. The cervical spine intervertebral disk     D. Ligaments of the cervical spine     E. Neurovascular structures in the cervical region     F. Cervical spine musculature 11.3 Loading to the Cervical Spine Elements     A. Direct impact, crush, lacerations, and penetrations     B. Indirect loading 11.4 Cervical Spine Trauma     A. Bony elements     B. Soft tissues of the cervical spine 11.5 Tolerance Limits of Cervical Spine Tissues     A. Bone elements     B. Ligaments and joints     C. The cervical intervertebral disk     D. Muscle and tendon tissue 11.6 Cervical Spine—Sources of Pain     A. Bone tissue and pain     B. Joints—ligamentous and capsular pain     C. Discogenic pain     D. Muscle and myofascial pain     E. Neural structures of the cervical spine References Recommended Reading Chapter 12: Lumbar Spine Patrick Hannon 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Structural and Functional Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine     A. Bony elements     B. Intervertebral joints     C. The lumbar intervertebral disk     D. Ligaments of the lumbar spine     E. Neurovascular structures of the lumbar region     F. Lumbar spine musculature 12.3 Loading to the Lumbar Spine Elements     A. Direct loading     B. Indirect loading 12.4 Lumbar Spine Trauma     A. Bony elements (fracture failure) and the intervertebral joints     B. Soft tissues of the lumbar spine 12.5 Lumbar Spine Tolerance Limits     A. Bony elements     B. Ligaments and joints     C. The intervertebral disk     D. Muscle and tendon tissue     E. Neural structures 12.6 Lumbar Spine Sources of Pain     A. Bony structures     B. Joints—ligamentous and capsular pain     C. The intervertebral disk     D. The intervertebral disk in asymptomatic people     E. Muscle tissue     F. Neural structures References Recommended Reading Chapter 13: The Shoulder Mark W. Cornwall 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Anatomy of the Shoulder     A. Bones and joints of the shoulder     B. Major ligaments of the shoulder     C. Muscles and available movements of the shoulder     D. Nerves and arteries of the shoulder 13.3 Injuries to the Shoulder     A. Peripheral nerve injuries     B. Shoulder impingement     C. Rotator cuff tear     D. Sprains     E. Dislocations     F. Fractures 13.4 Case Studies     A. Shoulder dislocation     B. Humeral fracture References Recommended Reading The Human Upper Extremity Chapter 14: The Elbow Mark W. Cornwall 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Anatomy of the Elbow     A. Bones and joints of the elbow     B. Major ligaments of the elbow     C. Muscles and available movements of the elbow     D. Nerves of the elbow 14.3 Elbow Injuries     A. Overuse     B. Sprains     C. Fractures 14.4 Case Study References Recommended Reading Chapter 15: The Wrist and Hand Mark W. Cornwall 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Anatomy of the Wrist and Hand     A. Bones and joints of the wrist and hand     B. Major ligaments of the wrist and hand     C. Muscles and available movements of the wrist and hand     D. Nerves and arteries of the wrist and hand 15.3 Injuries of the Wrist and Hand     A. Overuse     B. Sprains     C. Degeneration     D. Nerve injuries     E. Fractures 15.4 Case Studies     A. Finger fracture     B. Thumb dislocations     C. “Swan Neck” deformity References Recommended Reading   The Human Lower Extremity Chapter 16: Anatomy of the Pelvis and Hip Mark W. Cornwall 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Anatomy of the Pelvis and Hip     A. Bones and joints of the pelvis     B. Major ligaments of the pelvis     C. Muscles and available movements of the pelvis     D. Nerves and arteries of the pelvis 16.3 Anatomy of the Hip     A. Bones and joints of the hip     B. Major ligaments of the hip     C. Muscles and available movements of the hip     D. Nerves and arteries of the hip 16.4 Injuries to the Pelvis and Hip     A. Congenital disorders     B. Nerve injuries     C. Labral injuries     D. Fractures and dislocations     E. Degeneration 16.5 Case Studies     A. Acetabular fracture     B. Pelvis and femur fracture References Recommended Reading Chapter 17: The Knee Mark W. Cornwall 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Anatomy of the Knee     A. Bones and joints of the knee     B. Major ligaments of the knee     C. Muscles and available movements of the knee     D. Nerves and arteries of the knee 17.3 Knee Injuries     A. Overuse     B. Sprains     C. Dislocations     D. Fractures     E. Degeneration 17.4 Case Studies     A. ACL injury     B. Tibial plateau fracture References Recommended Reading Chapter 18: The Foot and Ankle Mark W. Cornwall 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Anatomy of the Ankle     A. Bones and joints of the ankle