Forensic Biomechanics PDF eBook

Author: Patrick Hannon, Kerry Knapp ISBN 10: 1-933264-52-7 ISBN 13: 978-1-933264-52-3 Copyright Date Ed:  August 1, 2006 Pages: 336 pages PDF eBook This new reference explains the role of biomechanics, the study of the mechanics of the living body, and the forces acted upon it, in accident and injury cases. This book gives you an in-depth look at the area of human injury biomechanics. It also discusses the role of the biomechanist and when and how he or she can help with your investigation. The authors discuss biomechanical causation versus medical causation, the basic principles of biomechanics, approaches to the use of biomechanics in investigation, and application of biomechanical principles to impact injuries. They also provide detailed information on the biomechanics of the human body including bone tissue, articular cartilage, soft tissue, blood and fluids, spinal cord and nerve tissue, joints, and extremities. This book contains over 300 diagrams and images. This book is invaluable if you are working on an accident or injury case, and need to understand the principles of the biomechanics behind the injury. Topics Include: Overview of Biomechanics of Injury Basic Principles of Biomechanics Impacts Bone Tissue Soft Tissue and Bodily Fluids Articular Cartilage The Spinal Cord and Nerves The Head, Face, and Brain The Torso and Thorax The Cervical and Lumbar Spine Joints Extremities Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 What Is Biomechanics and Injury Biomechanics? 1.2 Who Are Biomechanists? What Is Their Role? A. Biomechanics: A scientific discipline B. Biomechanical causation versus medical causation 1.3 How to Work with a Biomechanist: A Low Impact Example 1.4 When Can a Biomechanist Help? 1.5 Some Non-Automotive Examples Chapter 2: The Analytical Approach 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Statement of Problem 2.3 Mental Models and Situation Awareness 2.4 The General Decision Tree Model A. Application 1: The low-speed motor vehicle accident B. Application 2: Gunshot death Chapter 3: Basic Principles of Biomechanics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Linear and Angular Movement A. The anatomical position: Planes, axes, and movements B. Vectors and scalars 3.3 Kinematics A. Time B. Position C. Displacement D. Linear and angular velocity E. Linear and angular acceleration F. Kinematic case examples 3.4 Kinetics A. Characteristics of forces, moments, and torques B. Classical mechanics C. Special application of forces 3.5 Work and Energy 3.6 General Material Mechanics A. Rigid body mechanics versus deformable solids B. Material properties of biological materials Chapter 4: The Application of Biomechanical Principles to Impacts 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Falls A. The impulse equation approach B. The energy equation approach 4.3 Vehicle Impacts A. Automobile impacts B. Watercraft impacts C. Aircraft impacts D. Bicycle and motorcycle impacts 4.4 Pedestrian Impacts A. Fender vault trajectory B. Roof vault trajectory C. Wrap trajectory D. Forward projection trajectory E. Somersault trajectory 4.5 Seat Belt Restraint Use in Vehicles 4.6 Air Bags and Air Curtains A. Front air bags B. Side air bags Chapter 5: Biomechanics of Bone Tissue 5.1 Bone Growth and Development 5.2 Function of Bones 5.3 Biological Properties of Bones 5.4 Material Properties of Compact and Cancellous Bone 5.5 Bone Anisotropy 5.6 Ductile and Brittle Properties of Bone 5.7 Bone Stiffness 5.8 Bone Viscoelasticity 5.9 Bone Fracture-Failure Behavior in Response to Loading 5.10 Direct and Indirect Loading 5.11 Combined Loading 5.12 Bone Geometry Affects Fracture Failure 5.13 Failure at the Epiphyseal Growth Plate 5.14 Other Fractures 5.15 Stress Risers and Open Section Defects 5.16 Bone Unloading 5.17 Chronic Loading Bone Failure 5.18 Degenerative Changes in Bone Caused by Aging 5.19 Fracture Fixation and Healing: Biomechanical Considerations Chapter 6: Biomechanics of Articular Cartilage 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Articular Cartilage A. Overview of the structure of articular cartilage B. Articular cartilage components and material properties 6.3 Lubrication of Articular Cartilage Surfaces 6.4 Effect of Loads and Stresses 6.5 Deformable Bearings and Stress Relaxation 6.6 Biomechanicical Factors Involved in Articular Cartilage Degeneration Chapter 7: Soft Tissue Biomechanics: Tendons, Ligaments, Muscle and Skin; Blood Fluid Dynamics 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Tendon and Ligament Development, Structure, and Physiology A. Tendon and ligament tissue healing B. Material properties of ligaments and tendons 7.3 Skeletal Muscle Development, Structure, and Physiology A. Muscle tissue healing B. Material properties of skeletal muscle tissue 7.4 Skin Development, Structure, and Physiology A. Skin tissue healing B. Material properties of skin tissue 7.5 Vasculature and Blood A. Vasculature structure and material properties B. Blood fluid dynamics 7.6 Anisotropic and Viscoelastic Behavior A. Anisotropic behavior B. Viscoelastic behavior Chapter 8: Biomechanics of Spinal Cord, Nerve Roots, and Peripheral Nerve 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots 8.3 Anatomy of Peripheral Nerve 8.4 Microanatomy and Physiology of Neuron Axons 8.5 Spinal Cord Loading A. Penetration B. Compression C. Shear 8.6 Specific Spinal Cord Injuries A. Anterior cord syndrome B. Central cord syndrome 8.7 Nerve Root Loading—Tension, Compression, and Shear 8.8 Peripheral Nerve Loading A. Tension B. Compression 8.9 Peripheral Nerve Injury A. Categories of peripheral nerve injury B. Multiple levels of peripheral nerve compression Chapter 9: Head, Face, and Brain 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Structural Anatomy of the Head A. Scalp anatomy B. Face and skull anatomy C. Brain anatomy 9.3 Loading to Head, Face, and Brain A. Scalp loading B. Loading of the face and skull C. Energy absorption during facial fracture D. Classification of facial fractures E. Other facial injuries F. Skull and facial bone loading and brain injury G. Infant skull and brain injury H. Brain loading and traumatic brain injury (TBI) 9.4 Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injury A. Penetration B. Linear head acceleration: coup and contrecoup contusions C. Angular head acceleration D. Mild brain injury 9.5 Closing Comments––Brain Injury 9.6 Protection of the Skull, Face, and Brain A. Helmet protection B. Air bag protection in automobiles C. Air bag benefits—reduction of risk to head link injury Chapter 10: Torso and Thorax 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Classifying Injury Severity 10.3 Abdomen 10.4 Abdominal Anatomy and Mechanisms of Injury A. Liver B. Spleen C. Kidneys D. Adrenal glands E. Pancreas F. Stomach G. Small intestine H. Large intestine I. Abdominal wall <brJ. Gall bladder K. Urinary bladder L. Reproductive organs M. Major abdominal vessels 10.5 Biomechanics and Injury Tolerance of the Abdomen 10.6 Biomechanics and Injury Tolerance of the Male Reproductive System A. Accident trauma loading B. Loading to the perineum from bicycling activity 10.7 Thorax 10.8 Thorax Anatomy and Mechanisms of Injury A. Ribs and sternum B. Heart C. Thoracic aorta D. Thoracic vena cava (Inferior and Superior) E. Trachea, bronchi and lungs F. Diaphragm 10.9 Biomechanics and Injury Tolerance of the Thorax 10.10 Restraint Systems and Experimental Chapter 11: Biomechanics of the Cervical Spine 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Structural and Functional Anatomy of the Cervical Spine A. Bony elements B. Intervertebral joints C. The cervical spine intervertebral disk D. Ligaments of the cervical spine E. Neurovascular structures in the cervical region F. Cervical spine musculature 11.3 Loading to the Cervical Spine Elements A. Direct impact, crush, lacerations, and penetrations <brB. Indirect loading (forces, moments, and torques) 11.4 Cervical Spine Trauma A. Bony elements B. Soft tissues of the cervical spine 11.5 Tolerance Limits of Cervical Spine Tissues A. Bone elements B. Ligaments and joints C. The cervical intervertebral disk D. Muscle and tendon tissue 11.6 Cervical Spine–Sources of Pain A. Bone tissue and pain B. Joints—ligamentous and capsular pain C. Discogenic pain D. Muscle and myofascial pain E. Neural structures of the cervical spine Chapter 12: Lumbar Spine 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Structural and Functional Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine A. Bony elements B. Intervertebral joints C. The lumbar intervertebral disk D. Ligaments of the lumbar spine E. Neurovascular structures of the lumbar region F. Lumbar spine musculature 12.3 Loading to the Lumbar Spine Elements A. Direct loading B. Indirect loading 12.4 Lumbar Spine Trauma A. Bony elements (fracture failure) and the intervertebral joints B. Soft tissues of the lumbar spine 12.5 Lumbar Spine Tolerance Limits A. Bony elements B. Ligaments and joints C. The intervertebral disk D. Muscle and tendon tissue E. Neural structures 12.6 Lumbar Spine Sources of Pain A. Bony structures B. Joints—ligamentous and capsular pain C. The intervertebral disk D. The lumbar intervertebral disk in asymptomatic people E. Muscle tissue F. Neural structures Chapter 13: The Shoulder 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Anatomy of the Shoulder 13.3 Peripheral Nerve Injuries 13.4 Muscle Impingement Syndromes of the Shoulder 13.5 Dislocations and Subluxations of the Shoulder 13.6 Fractures of the Shoulder Complex 13.7 Fractures of the Humerus Chapter 14: The Elbow 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Anatomy of the Elbow 14.3 Injuries A. Repetitive use injuries B. Throwing injuries C. Other repetitive motion injuries 14.4 Indirect External Loading 14.5 Direct Impact Fractures Chapter 15: The Wrist and Hand 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Anatomy of the Wrist 15.3 Anatomy of the Hand 15.4 Injuries of the Wrist A. Fractures B. Fractures and dislocations of the hand Chapter 16: Anatomy of the Pelvis and Hip 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Anatomy of the Pelvis and Hip 16.3 Ligaments of the Hip 16.4 Muscles of the Hip Joint 16.5 Injuries of the Hip Joint A. Dislocation B. Labral tears C. Hip pointers D. Fractures E. Avulsions Chapter 17: The Knee 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Anatomy A. Biomechanics B. Kinematics C. Passive stability D. Injury E. Medial ligament injuries F. Lateral ligament injuries G. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries <brH. Posterior cruciate ligament injuries 17.3 Classification of Ligament Injury in the Knee 17.4 Knee Dislocations (Definition/Literature Review) 17.5 Knee Dislocations and Obesity 17.6 Fractures 17.7 Conclusion Chapter 18: The Foot and Ankle 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Anatomy A. Bones of the foot B. The ligaments of the ankle and foot C. Muscles of the ankle and foot 18.3 Ankle Trauma A. Sprains B. Fractures 18.4 Injuries to the Foot Appendix A: Anthropometric Measurements Appendix B: Anatomical Mechanics—A Concept and Quantitative Approach: Bones, Joints, and Muscles Appendix C: Conversion Factors Appendix D: Instrumentation in Biomechanics Appendix E: A Brief Summary of Neurophysiology and Muscle Activity