Forensic Aspects of Driver Perception and Response, Fourth Edition Book

Author: David Krauss ISBN 10: 1-936360-33-0 ISBN 13: 978-1-936360-33-8 Copyright Date Ed: June 26, 2015 Pages: 336 Binding Information: Hard Cover Size: 8.5 X 11 Inches (US) This brand new fourth edition of Forensic Aspects of Driver Perception and Response contains invaluable new information you need to know about driver perception and response and related human factors and design issues. This text contains the most current information available in the area of driver perception and perception-response time. Updated from the classic third edition by Paul Olson, all existing chapters have been expanded, providing in-depth coverage of areas such as light reflecting surfaces, visibility enhancing materials, driver age, gender and experience, fatigue, reaction time, speed perception and vehicle size, vehicle lighting and marking, glare, roadway design and the driver, work zones, railroad grade crossings, roadway signage, weather and driving and driver distraction. Additionally, a new chapter has been added covering the proliferation of in-vehicle technology and its relationship to the driver. If you work with driver perception and response cases in any capacity, this book is an invaluable addition to your reference library. What's New In This Edition? New 8.5 x 11 format Every chapter is updated with new conceptual information as well as case studies Further emphasis on fundamentals of visual and cognitive processing Many new figures Added emphasis throughout the book on how technology contributes to the field both from the driver standpoint as well as the forensic side of things (i.e., how to use technology to perform human factors accident analyses) New chapter on in-vehicle technology Contributions from 5 new authors, including Krauss Each chapter includes a header indicating the contributing authors for those chapters Incorporates the input and experience from several forensic human factors professionals as well as traffic engineers Topics Include Driver Perception Light and Its Measurement Vision, Audition, Vibration and The Processing of Information Driver Eye Movements and Visual Attention Conspicuity Judgments of Speed and Distance The Driver’s Field of View Driving at Night Vehicle Lighting Systems Lighting Sources Other Than Vehicle Headlamps Evaluation of Visibility in the Field Visual Demonstratives Roadway Design Work Zones Railroad Grade Crossings Roadway Signage Driver Perception-Response Time Weather and Driving The Older Driver Driver Distraction In-Vehicle Technology Table of Contents Preface Part I: Factors Affecting Driver Perception Chapter 1: Introduction David Krauss and Paul Olson 1.1 Purpose and Scope 1.2 Human Factors in Accident Reconstruction A. What is Human Factors? B. Introduction to Human Factors and Motor Vehicles C. History D. Human Factors in Product Evaluation and Development E. Applicability of Human Factors to Accident Reconstruction F. What isn’t Human Factors 1.3 Human Variability A. The Problem B. Descriptive Statistics C. Correlation D. Inferential Statistics E. The Concept of Threshold 1.4 Expectancy A. What It Is B. Driver Expectancy 1.5 Chapter Overview References Chapter 2: Light and Its Measurement David Krauss and Paul Olson 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Nature of Light 2.3 Definitions A. Light-Reflecting Surfaces 1. Diffuse reflectors 2. Specular reflectors 3. Retroreflectors B. Miscellaneous Visibility-Enhancing Materials 1. Fluorescent materials 2. Luminous materials 2.4 Photometry A. Luminous Intensity and Illuminance B. Luminance C. Means of Measurement D. Calculating Light Metrics Following Measurement 2.5 Chapter Overview Reference Chapter 3: Vision, Audition, Vibration and The Processing of Information David Krauss and Paul Olson 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Vision A. Measurement of Visual Performance 1. Acuity 2. Contrast sensitivity function 3. Other measures of visual performance 4. Relationship between vision tests and driving performance B. Structure and Performance of the Eye 1. Structure 2. The functioning of the visual system at different levels of illumination 3. Implications for vision due to the structure of the eye C. Glare 1. Disability glare 2. Discomfort glare D. The Useful Field of View E. The Twilight Period 3.3 Auditory Issues A. Problems with Sound B. Noise 3.4 Vibration 3.5 Information Processing 3.6 Memory Questions 3.7 Chapter Overview References Chapter 4: Driver Eye Movements and Visual Attention David Krauss, Abtine Tavassoli, and Paul Olson 4.1 Introduction A. Terminology B. Methodology 4.2 Driver Eye Movements 4.3 Driver Experience 4.4 Negotiating Curves 4.5 Effects of Drugs and Alcohol 4.6 Effects of Fatigue 4.7 Vehicle Characteristics 4.8 Age and Sex 4.9 Interior Glances 4.10 Effect of In-Vehicle Devices 4.11 Use of Mirrors A. Duration of Routine Mirror Glances B. Duration of Mirror Glances in Connection with Merges and Lane Changes C. Mirror and Direct Rearward Glances When Changing Lanes and Merging D. The Timing of Rearward Glances with Respect to the Gore 4.12 The Effect of Secondary Glances on Accident Avoidance 4.13 Chapter Overview References Chapter 5: Conspicuity David Krauss, James J. Todd, and Paul Olson 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Motorcycle and Bicycle Conspicuity 5.3 The Conspicuity of Emergency Vehicles 5.4 Truck Conspicuity 5.5 Pedestrian and Pavement Delineation Conspicuity 5.6 Chapter Overview References Chapter 6: Driver Perception David Krauss, James J. Todd, Robert Dewar, and Paul Olson 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Perception as Contrasted to Sensation A. Definition B. The Nature of Perception C. Visual Perceptual Principles of Grouping D. Perceiving Space 6.3 Misperception and Perceptual Set 6.4 Applications 6.5 Difficulties in Perception While Driving A. Problems with the Roadway B. Violations of Expectancy C. Judging Distance to Lights 6.6 The Intruding Vehicle 6.7 Positive Guidance 6.8 Eyewitness Testimony 6.9 Chapter Overview References Chapter 7: Judgments of Speed and Distance David Krauss, James J. Todd, and Paul Olson 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Perception of Distance 7.3 Perception of Speed 7.4 Threshold for Closing Speed 7.5 Speed Perception and Vehicle Size 7.6 Chapter Overview References Chapter 8: The Driver’s Field of View David Krauss and Gene Farber 8.1 Introduction 8.2 What a Driver Must See 8.3 Field-of-View Targets 8.4 Driver Eye Locations 8.5 Binocular and Ambinocular Vision 8.6 Obstruction of the Forward Field of View 8.7 A-Pillar Obstruction of Intersecting Vehicles 8.8 A-Pillar Obstruction of Pedestrians and Bicyclists 8.9 Measuring Pillar Obstructions in the Field A. Measuring the Ambinocular A-Pillar Obstruction of a Pedestrian B. Measuring the Ambinocular A-Pillar Obstruction of an Intersecting Vehicle 8.10 Obstructions to the Side and Rear A. A Note on Convex Mirrors (“Objects in Mirror Are Closer than They Appear”) B. Mirrors and Overtaking Vehicles C. Pillar Obstructions to the Side and Rear Direct Fields-of-View 8.11 The Field of View from Large Trucks 8.12 Measuring the Field of View in Large Trucks 8.13 Chapter Overview References Part II: Driving at Night Chapter 9: The Visibility Provided by Vehicle Lighting Systems David Krauss and Paul Olson 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Importance of Target Contrast A. Definition B. Calculating Contrast 9.3 The Reflectivity of Objects in the Real World 9.4 Driver Vision at Night A. Vehicle Lighting Systems 1. Technology used in automotive lighting 2. Enhanced vision systems 3. Characteristics of U.S. headlamps 4. The intensity-visibility distance relationship 5. Implications B. The Visibility Provided by Automotive Headlamps 9.5 Nighttime Driving Speeds 9.6 When Drivers “Overdrive” Their Headlamps 9.7 Chapter Overview References Chapter 10: Factors That Affect Driver Visibility Under Nighttime Driving Conditions David Krauss and Paul Olson 10.1 Introduction 10.2 PCDETECT 10.3 The Distance-Squared Law and Visibility Level 10.4 Comparisons A. Target Reflectance B. Target Location C. Target Size D. Driver Age E. Contrast Sensitivity F. Headlamp Misaim G. Headlamp Intensity H. Glare I. Lamp Mounting Height J. Lateral Separation 10.5 Other Factors 10.6 Chapter Overview References Chapter 11: Lighting Sources Other Than Vehicle Headlamps David Krauss and Paul Olson 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Fixed Lighting Sources A. Mercury B. High-Pressure Sodium C. Metal Halide D. Fluorescent E. Low-Pressure Sodium F. Light-Emitting Diodes (LED) 11.3 The Distribution of Illuminance from Street Lamps 11.4 Loss in Performance of Light Sources 11.5 The Scene When Illuminated by Fixed Sources 11.6 Research on the Performance of Fixed Lighting Systems 11.7 Recommendations for Street Lighting 11.8 Assessment of Visibility in a Field Investigation 11.9 Chapter Overview References Chapter 12: Evaluation of Visibility in the Field David Krauss and Paul Olson 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Why Do a Field Investigation? 12.3 Preparatory Phase A. Physical Facilities B. Vehicles C. Vehicle Lighting and Marking Equipment 1. Type or manufacturer of lamps 2. Headlamp aim 3. Lamp output 4. Dirt on glass surfaces 5. Headlamp photometry 6. Environmental conditions 7. Lighting conditions 8. Observer age 12.4 Execution Stage 12.5 Analysis and Interpretation 12.6 Chapter Overview References Chapter 13: Use of Visual Demonstratives to Represent Visibility Conditions David Krauss, James J. Todd, and Paul Olson 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Limitations in the Camera System 13.3 Limitations and Appropriate Applications of Video and Animation for Representations of Conspicuity 13.4 Perceptual-Cognitive Issues A. Field of View B. Viewing Time C. Adaptation Level D. Image Size E. Depth Perception F. Glare G. Observer Expectancy 13.6 Implications 13.7 Chapter Overview References Part III: Roadway Issues Chapter 14: Roadway Design and the Driver David Krauss, Andrew Kwasniak, and Robert Dewar 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Perception of the Road 14.3 Visual Search 14.4 Driver Workload 14.5 Sight Distance A. Decision Sight Distance B. Stopping Sight Distance C. Passing Sight Distance D. Intersection Sight Distance E. Additional Sight Distance Factors 14.6 Roadway Design A. Roadway Width B. Intersections C. Roundabouts D. Curves 14.7 Traffic Calming 14.8 Road Safety Assessments 14.9 Chapter Overview References Chapter 15: Work Zones David Krauss, Andrew Kwasniak, and Robert Dewar 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Driver Information Needs in Work Zones 15.3 Driver Distraction 15.4 Nighttime Conditions 15.5 Visibility of Workers 15.6 Trucks 15.7 Traffic Control in Work Zones 15.8 Chapter Overview References Chapter 16: Railroad Grade Crossings David Krauss and Robert Dewar 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Driver Perception of Railroad Crossing Hazards 16.3 Recognition Errors 16.4 Decision Errors 16.5 Action Errors 16.6 Traffic Control at Crossings 16.7 Major Problems and the Need for Further Research 16.8 Chapter Overview References Chapter 17: Roadway Signage David Krauss, Andrew Kwasniak, and Robert Dewar 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Sign Criteria 17.3 Problems with Signs 17.4 Regulatory Signs 17.5 Compliance with Regulatory Signs 17.6 Warning Signs 17.7 Supplemental Warning Sign Information 17.8 Guide Signs 17.9 Abbreviations 17.10 Bilingual Signs 17.11 Nighttime Conditions 17.12 Environmental Factors 17.13 Changeable Message Signs 17.14 Sign Conspicuity 17.15 Driver Age 17.16 Traffic Signs and IVIS 17.17 Traffic Signs and Traffic Accidents 17.18 Traffic Signals 17.19 Chapter Overview References Part IV: Driver Issues Chapter 18: Driver Perception-Response Time David Krauss, James J. Todd, and Paul Olson 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Background A. Definition B. Stages of Perception-Response Time 18.3 Human Perception-Response Time A. Background B. Driver Perception-Response Time 1. Analyses of data from the experimental literature 2. Studies using motorists who are unaware of measures being taken 3. Controlled, in-car studies 4. Studies conducted in simulators 5. Computer modeling 18.4 Decision Sight Distance 18.5 Overview of Research 18.6 Factors Affecting Perception-Response Time A. Detection B. Identification C. Decision D. Response E. Night vs. Day F. Chemicals, Driver Fatigue G. Age and Gender H. Cognitive Load I. Angular Position of the Target 18.7 The “Critical Window”: Available Time vs. Required Time 18.8 Situations that Do Not Fit the Perception-Response Model A. No Clearly Defined Entry B. Erroneous Assumption or Identification 18.9 Chapter Overview References Chapter 19: Weather and Driving David Krauss and Robert Dewar 19.1 Adverse Weather A. Rain B. Snow C. Fog D. Glare 19.2 Traffic Control Devices 19.3 Pedestrian Behavior 19.4 Chapter Overview References Chapter 20: The Older Driver David Krauss and Paul Olson 20.1 Older Drivers: Who Are These Guys? 20.2 Driving by the Elderly 20.3 Sensory Changes A. Vision B. Other Senses 20.4 Judgment of Closing Speed—Gap Acceptance 20.5 Cognitive and Motor Performance A. Attention and Cognition B. Perception of Roadway Hazards C. Motor Performance D. Older Drivers and Pedal Errors 20.6 Strategies for Improvement 20.7 Chapter Overview References Chapter 21: Driver Distraction David Krauss, David Cades, and Robert Dewar 21.1 Introduction 21.2 What is Driver Distraction? 21.3 Distraction and Inattention 21.4 Useful Field of View 21.5 Sources of Distraction A. Various Sources B. Visual Clutter C. Roadside Advertising D. Driving When Phoning E. Distraction from Technology 21.6 Consequences of Distraction 21.7 Driver Characteristics and Condition A. Age B. Gender C. Emotions D. Alcohol 21.8 Chapter Overview References Chapter 22: In-Vehicle Technology and the Driver David Cades, Robyn Kim, and David Krauss 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Types of In-Vehicle Technology A. Non-Driving-Related Technology B. Driving-Related Technology 22.3 Effects of In-Vehicle Technology on Driver Behavior A. Driver Assistance B. Negative Effects on Driver Behavior 22.4 System Design Guidelines for In-vehicle Electronic Devices A. Comparison of Guidelines B. Guidelines for Message Display and Appearance C. Guidelines for Usability D. Guidelines for Testing 22.5 Chapter Overview References About the Authors Index